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Concrete Mix Design Concrete mix design is the method of optimally dosing various components of concrete,such as cement, aggregates, water,and additives, to make concrete less costly and will have specific  workability and homogeneity properties in the fresh state and strength and durability in the hardened state. Purpose of concrete mixes The main objective of the dosage of concrete mixes is to make a concrete that has the following characteristics: 1. Satisfy viability requirements in terms of drop to facilitate placement and consolidation. 2. Meets resistance requirements. 3.  Can be mixed, transported, placed and compacted efficiently. 4. Economical to manufacture. 5. Meets durability requirements to withstand the environment in which the structure is expected to serve Mixing ratio procedure Step 1. Calculate the target average compressive strength for the mixing ratio: The target 28-day average compressive strength according to clause 3.2 of IS 10262. ft = fck + 1.65...

MACHINE FOUNDATION. The design of machine foundation involves careful study of the vibration characteristics of the foundation system. Relevant data for the design and construction of the foundation of machine should be obtained from the manufacturer of the machine , prior to the start design.  All parts of machine foundation should be designed for maxim stresses due to the worst combination of vertical loads, torque, longitudinal and transverse forces, stresses due to temperature variation and the foundation dead load. In case, the foundation layout is partly built up of beam and column construction , straight bars should be provided both at top and bottom of the beams and the spacing of the stirrups should be close. The main foundation block should have the designed thickness and should be reinforced both at top and bottom even if the reinforcements are not required from design considerations. Machine foundations  are special types of  foundations  required fo...

Column.  A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which is neither less than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness. Pier is a vertical load bearing member similar to a column except that it is bonded into load beating wall at the sides to form an integral part and extends to full height of the wall. A pier is introduced to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry vertical concentrated load. Pier also strengthens the wall to resist lateral pressure without buckling. a supporting pillar especially : one consisting of a usually round shaft, a capital, and a base a colonnade of marble columns. something resembling a  column  in form, position, or function a  column  of water columns of smoke. The  row  is an order in which people, objects or figures are placed alongside or in a straight line. A vertical division of facts, figures or any other details based on category, ...

9 Inch Wall Size of Brick  = 9" x 4.5" x 3"  Size of Brick with Mortar  = 9.08" x 4.58" x 3.08"  Volume of Brick with Mortar  = L x B x H = 9.08" x 4.58" x 3.08"  = 128 cubic inch Volume of  1 cubic inch  = 1' x 1' x 1'                   = 12" x 12" x 12"  = 1728" cubic inch No of Brick's in 1 cubic inch = Volume of 1 cubic inch / Volume of 1 Brick = 1728/128 = 13.5 Bricks  No's of Brick's in 1 cubic inch = 13.5 Brick's Calculating cubic feet from inches Multiply your length, width and height figures together, giving you a total in cubic inches (in 3 ) Divide the total by 1728 (as there are 1728 cubic inches in a cubic foot). A 1 brick  wall  which was sometimes called a  9 inch wall : A one brick thick brick  wall . A 1½ brick  wall  which was sometimes called a 14  inch wall : A one and half brick thick brick  wall . 9 इंच की दीवार ईंट का आकार = 9...

Definitions of terms brick masonry Brick masonry  is a highly durable form of construction.It is built by placing  bricks  in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that withstand exerted loads.There are several types of  bricks  and number of mortars which can be used to construct  brick masonry . 1. Course: A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones. 2. Bed: it is the surface of stone perpendicular to the line of pressure. It indicates the lower surface of  bricks or stones in each course. 3. Back: the inner surface of a wall which is not exposed is called the back. The material forming the  back is known as backing. 4. Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The material used in the face of the  wall is known as facing. 5. Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between the facing and backing. 6. Side: it is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in a direction trans...

Trap:-  The trap can be defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes or waste pipes to stop foul gasses (odour) coming out of the soil pipe or waste pipe.  In most homes, there is a P- trap  installed under the sinks in the bathroom and kitchens. A P- trap  is a  plumbing  fixture that has several purposes. It  traps  debris that has drained from the sink and prevents it from forming a clog deep within the  plumbing  system, and to stops sewer gases from passing into the home. Types of Traps:-  Traps  -  Types  and Uses. A  trap  is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering  the  buildings.  The traps  are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water.  The  retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to  the  building from drain pipes. 1. Floor Trap:   The purpose of a  trap  is...

Total cost of construction of a newly constructed building with three floors is Rs. 12,00,000,00. The building is constructed on a plot measuring 600 sq m purchased for Rs. 1,80,000.00 in 1979. The prevailing rate of plots in the locality is Rs. 450.00 per sq.m. Work out the standard rent per month assuming the following outgoings.  (i) Municipal taxes @ 35% of rate-able value,  (ii) Collection and management charges @ 3% of the gross rent,  (iii) Repairs at 1% in 9/10th cost of construction. (iv) Sinking fund @ 5% for 65 years on 90% cost of construction  (v) Miscellaneous expenses @ Rs. 600.00 per month.  Solution:-   Standard rent = Net rent +Outgoings  (A) Net rent :-   (i) Construction cost @ 6% =12,00,000.00 x 6 / 100 = 72,000.00  Rs. (ii) Land value = 600 x 450 = Rs. 2,70,000.00 Total  = 3,42,000.00  Rs.   (b) Outgoings :-    (i) Repairs @ 1% in 9/10th cost of construction = (12,00,000 x 9 / 100) x (1...

POINTING:- The material of mortar cement and sand, or lime and surkhi or kankar lime as specified shall be of standard specifications. The materials of mortar shall be measured with wooden measuring boxes according to the required proportions such as (1:2 or l:3) for cement sand mortar and (1:1) for the lime surkhi mortar kankar lime mortar and shall be mixed dry by turning 2 to 3 times. The for e is then added slowly and gradually and mixed the mortar thoroughly.  Where possible, independent scaffolding shall be provided. Scaffolding shall be cheeked to make sure that it is suitable and safe.  What is  pointing  and how does it work?  Pointing  is the term given to the 'finish' that is between the bricks or stone used to build your house. ... The  function  of the mortar in the wall is to act as a bedding between stones and varies from fine joints in ashlar stonework to larger joints in rubble masonry walls. Pointing, in building  mainte...

Mosaic or Terrazzo flooring. The terrazzo flooring consists of two layers; the bottom layers of 2 cm cement concrete 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 as specified, and the upper layer of 6 mm thick consisting of a mix of marble chips and Cement should be of standard Specifications. The marble chips should be of 3 mm gauge, having maximum size 3 mm and minimum 1.5 mm. The sand should be coarse and well graded, clean and free from dust and dirt, etc.  The stone girit (Shingle or bajri) should be hard and tough (granite stone) 13 mm gauge. It should be clean and free from dust and dirt, etc. 32 mm (1) thick cement concrete (under layer) shall be aid in accordance with the instruction laid down in specification no.7. Dividing strips where required, including any strips in decorative design shall be bedded into the base concrete in case of ground floor. The top of the strips shall be kept at slightly higher level above the finished level of the floor, so that after grinding they are at the correct leve...

EARTH WORK IN EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION. Earthwork in excavation  in  foundation  trenches or drains not exceeding 1.5m in width and 10sq. m in plan including dressing of sides & ramming of bottom, disposal of surplus  excavated  soil within 50m lead & 1.5m lift. All  excavation  operation shall include  excavation  and getting out the  excavated  matter. Stability of existing structures.   Before starting excavation trial pits should be dug to ascertain the depth and nature of its foundation. Shoring should be used in all cases when the depth of excavation exceeds its distance from the existing structure.  Excavation.   Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation concrete and the sides of the trenches shall be left plumb where the nature of soil admits of it. Where the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides Fut be sloped back or shored up carefully. No exca...