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Concrete Mix Design Concrete mix design is the method of optimally dosing various components of concrete,such as cement, aggregates, water,and additives, to make concrete less costly and will have specific  workability and homogeneity properties in the fresh state and strength and durability in the hardened state. Purpose of concrete mixes The main objective of the dosage of concrete mixes is to make a concrete that has the following characteristics: 1. Satisfy viability requirements in terms of drop to facilitate placement and consolidation. 2. Meets resistance requirements. 3.  Can be mixed, transported, placed and compacted efficiently. 4. Economical to manufacture. 5. Meets durability requirements to withstand the environment in which the structure is expected to serve Mixing ratio procedure Step 1. Calculate the target average compressive strength for the mixing ratio: The target 28-day average compressive strength according to clause 3.2 of IS 10262. ft = fck + 1.65...

9 Inch Wall Size of Brick  = 9" x 4.5" x 3"  Size of Brick with Mortar  = 9.08" x 4.58" x 3.08"  Volume of Brick with Mortar  = L x B x H = 9.08" x 4.58" x 3.08"  = 128 cubic inch Volume of  1 cubic inch  = 1' x 1' x 1'                   = 12" x 12" x 12"  = 1728" cubic inch No of Brick's in 1 cubic inch = Volume of 1 cubic inch / Volume of 1 Brick = 1728/128 = 13.5 Bricks  No's of Brick's in 1 cubic inch = 13.5 Brick's Calculating cubic feet from inches Multiply your length, width and height figures together, giving you a total in cubic inches (in 3 ) Divide the total by 1728 (as there are 1728 cubic inches in a cubic foot). A 1 brick  wall  which was sometimes called a  9 inch wall : A one brick thick brick  wall . A 1½ brick  wall  which was sometimes called a 14  inch wall : A one and half brick thick brick  wall . 9 इंच की दीवार ईंट का आकार = 9...

Definitions of terms brick masonry Brick masonry  is a highly durable form of construction.It is built by placing  bricks  in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that withstand exerted loads.There are several types of  bricks  and number of mortars which can be used to construct  brick masonry . 1. Course: A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones. 2. Bed: it is the surface of stone perpendicular to the line of pressure. It indicates the lower surface of  bricks or stones in each course. 3. Back: the inner surface of a wall which is not exposed is called the back. The material forming the  back is known as backing. 4. Face: The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The material used in the face of the  wall is known as facing. 5. Hearting: It is the interior portion of a wall between the facing and backing. 6. Side: it is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in a direction trans...

POINTING:- The material of mortar cement and sand, or lime and surkhi or kankar lime as specified shall be of standard specifications. The materials of mortar shall be measured with wooden measuring boxes according to the required proportions such as (1:2 or l:3) for cement sand mortar and (1:1) for the lime surkhi mortar kankar lime mortar and shall be mixed dry by turning 2 to 3 times. The for e is then added slowly and gradually and mixed the mortar thoroughly.  Where possible, independent scaffolding shall be provided. Scaffolding shall be cheeked to make sure that it is suitable and safe.  What is  pointing  and how does it work?  Pointing  is the term given to the 'finish' that is between the bricks or stone used to build your house. ... The  function  of the mortar in the wall is to act as a bedding between stones and varies from fine joints in ashlar stonework to larger joints in rubble masonry walls. Pointing, in building  mainte...

Mosaic or Terrazzo flooring. The terrazzo flooring consists of two layers; the bottom layers of 2 cm cement concrete 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 as specified, and the upper layer of 6 mm thick consisting of a mix of marble chips and Cement should be of standard Specifications. The marble chips should be of 3 mm gauge, having maximum size 3 mm and minimum 1.5 mm. The sand should be coarse and well graded, clean and free from dust and dirt, etc.  The stone girit (Shingle or bajri) should be hard and tough (granite stone) 13 mm gauge. It should be clean and free from dust and dirt, etc. 32 mm (1) thick cement concrete (under layer) shall be aid in accordance with the instruction laid down in specification no.7. Dividing strips where required, including any strips in decorative design shall be bedded into the base concrete in case of ground floor. The top of the strips shall be kept at slightly higher level above the finished level of the floor, so that after grinding they are at the correct leve...

EARTH WORK IN EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION. Earthwork in excavation  in  foundation  trenches or drains not exceeding 1.5m in width and 10sq. m in plan including dressing of sides & ramming of bottom, disposal of surplus  excavated  soil within 50m lead & 1.5m lift. All  excavation  operation shall include  excavation  and getting out the  excavated  matter. Stability of existing structures.   Before starting excavation trial pits should be dug to ascertain the depth and nature of its foundation. Shoring should be used in all cases when the depth of excavation exceeds its distance from the existing structure.  Excavation.   Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation concrete and the sides of the trenches shall be left plumb where the nature of soil admits of it. Where the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides Fut be sloped back or shored up carefully. No exca...

BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION Good  brick masonry  should utilize  bricks  which are sound, hard, well burnt and tough with uniform colour shape and size. 2. The  bricks  should be compact, homogeneous, free from holes, cracks, flaws, air-bubbles and  stone  lumps. These  bricks  should be properly soaked in water for at least two hours before use. A  brick  is  building  material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry  construction . Traditionally, the term  brick  referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. English  bond  is considered as the  strongest  and most widely used brick  bond  in construction work. It consists of alternate course of headers and stretchers. In this arrangement, vertical joints in the header and stretcher courses come over e...

QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE Quantities of materials for the production of required quantity of concrete of given mix proportions can be calculated by absolute volume method. This method is based on the principle that the volume of fully  compacted concrete is equal to the absolute volume of all the materials of concrete, i.e. cement, sand,  coarse aggregates and water. The formula for calculation of materials for required volume of concrete is given by:- Vc = (W / 1000) + (C / 1000Sc) + (Fa / 1000Sfa) + (Ca / 1000Sca) =  Where, V = Absolute volume of fully compacted fresh concrete W =Mass of water C = Mass of cement Fa = Mass of fine aggregates Ca = Mass of coarse aggregates Sc , Sfa and Sca are the specific gravities of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates respectively. The air content has been ignored in this calculation. This method of calculation for quantities of materials for concrete takes into account the mix proportions from design mix or nom...

Medium Density Fibre Board (MDF)  MDF IS made from wood and other lignocellulose material refined into fibres and reconstituted with a resin binder. Row wood material is normally a single species wood. MDF has homogeneous structure with uniform density, texture and properties throughout, no identifiable grain can be seen at edge, end or face. There are no internal voids or pits and there is no variation in the surface hardness. Unlike plywood MDF doesn't delaminate. It has much higher strength than particle board. Since edges are totally smooth and uniform, costly tipping or beading with strips of wood required for plywood and particle board is not essential. It can be carved, grooved or embossed just like any timber. The surface of MDF is totally smooth and accepts all kinds of finishes - paints, varnishes and laminates. One such type of famous board in the market is 'Duratuff" . It comes in both interior and exterior grade. Duratuff prelaminated boards are also avail...