DSCAPESARCH

EARTH WORK IN EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION. Earthwork in excavation  in  foundation  trenches or drains not exceeding 1.5m in width and 10sq. m in plan including dressing of sides & ramming of bottom, disposal of surplus  excavated  soil within 50m lead & 1.5m lift. All  excavation  operation shall include  excavation  and getting out the  excavated  matter. Stability of existing structures.   Before starting excavation trial pits should be dug to ascertain the depth and nature of its foundation. Shoring should be used in all cases when the depth of excavation exceeds its distance from the existing structure.  Excavation.   Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of the foundation concrete and the sides of the trenches shall be left plumb where the nature of soil admits of it. Where the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides Fut be sloped back or shored up carefully. No exca...

BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION Good  brick masonry  should utilize  bricks  which are sound, hard, well burnt and tough with uniform colour shape and size. 2. The  bricks  should be compact, homogeneous, free from holes, cracks, flaws, air-bubbles and  stone  lumps. These  bricks  should be properly soaked in water for at least two hours before use. A  brick  is  building  material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry  construction . Traditionally, the term  brick  referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. English  bond  is considered as the  strongest  and most widely used brick  bond  in construction work. It consists of alternate course of headers and stretchers. In this arrangement, vertical joints in the header and stretcher courses come over e...

QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE Quantities of materials for the production of required quantity of concrete of given mix proportions can be calculated by absolute volume method. This method is based on the principle that the volume of fully  compacted concrete is equal to the absolute volume of all the materials of concrete, i.e. cement, sand,  coarse aggregates and water. The formula for calculation of materials for required volume of concrete is given by:- Vc = (W / 1000) + (C / 1000Sc) + (Fa / 1000Sfa) + (Ca / 1000Sca) =  Where, V = Absolute volume of fully compacted fresh concrete W =Mass of water C = Mass of cement Fa = Mass of fine aggregates Ca = Mass of coarse aggregates Sc , Sfa and Sca are the specific gravities of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates respectively. The air content has been ignored in this calculation. This method of calculation for quantities of materials for concrete takes into account the mix proportions from design mix or nom...

Medium Density Fibre Board (MDF)  MDF IS made from wood and other lignocellulose material refined into fibres and reconstituted with a resin binder. Row wood material is normally a single species wood. MDF has homogeneous structure with uniform density, texture and properties throughout, no identifiable grain can be seen at edge, end or face. There are no internal voids or pits and there is no variation in the surface hardness. Unlike plywood MDF doesn't delaminate. It has much higher strength than particle board. Since edges are totally smooth and uniform, costly tipping or beading with strips of wood required for plywood and particle board is not essential. It can be carved, grooved or embossed just like any timber. The surface of MDF is totally smooth and accepts all kinds of finishes - paints, varnishes and laminates. One such type of famous board in the market is 'Duratuff" . It comes in both interior and exterior grade. Duratuff prelaminated boards are also avail...

What is a Green Building? Procrastinate no longer. The time to build your green and sustainable home is now. Like so many of us, you may have been sitting back and dreaming about building a new home so that it perfectly meshes with the environment. It would be a home that is as eco-friendly and green as it is cozy, functional, and smart to live in. This can be done and the time  can be  now. No longer is it necessary to compromise comfort in order to be environmentally conscious. Because our world is rapidly changing, often in ways that are less than desirable, it is up to each and every one of us to make positive changes. And those changes can begin in that one area we all have the most control over: our home. The concept of a green building was developed in the 1970s in response to the energy crisis and  people’s growing concerns about the environment. A Green Building, also known as a sustainable building , is a structure that is designed, built, renovated, o...

GENERAL  One of the essential requirements of a building is that it should be dry. Dampness in building may occur due to bad design, faulty construction and use of poor quality of materials. Dampness not pnly affects the life of the building adversely, but also creates unhygenic conditions for the occupants. Hence, treatment to check dampness is considered to be one of the important items of work in the construction of a building. The treatment given to prevent leakage of water from roof is generally termed as water-proofing, whereas the treatment given to keep the walls, floors and basement dry is termed as damp-proofing. There is a distinct difference between damp-proofing and waterproofing. Damp-proofing is intended to keep out soil moisture while waterproofing keeps out both moisture and liquid water. Damp-proofing is a coating, usually asphalt-based, that is either sprayed on or hand applied to the outside of the wall. DEFECTS CAUSED BY DAMPNESS  The various def...

Dry Materials Required for 1 cum. Brick Masonry in Cement Sand  mortar 1:5 Ratio. Solution:- Ratio = 1:5 (Cement, Sand) Sum = 1+5 = 6 Total Dry Mortar for 1 cum Brick Masonry =  0.30733 Cum Therefor, the Following Materials are Required:- Cement = 1 x 0.30733 x 28.8 / 6 =  1.47 Bags Sand     = 5 x 0.30733 / 6 =  0.2561 cum. No. of Bricks Required for 1 cum. Brick Masonry = 500 no's. Materials Required for 1 cum. Brick Masonry in 1:5 Ratio. Cement =  1.474 Bags  =  73.70 Kg Sand     = 0.2561 cum.  =   9.043 Cft Note: 500 Bricks are Required for 1 cum.Brick Masonry. Volume = 1 Cum. Taking standard Mortar Thickness = 10mm Cement –Sand Ratio = 1:5 = 1 + 5 = 6 Sum of Ratio. We know that, Size of a Modular Brick = 190mm x 90mm x90mm Volume of 1 Brick with Mortar  = 200mm x 100mm x 100mm = 0.2 x 0.1 x 0.1 m =  0.002 Cum Therefore, Number of Bricks in 1 Cum  = 1/ 0.002...